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These new cleaning routines and habits may continue past the time when SARS-CoV-2 is an urgent threat. These practices will continue to evolve as people return to work and resume other activities, leading to more routine and thorough disinfection to minimize virus transmission. Exploration of potential effects, environmental fate, and technologies to minimize environmental releases of QACs, however, is warranted.ĭuring the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic, many disinfection practices, including hand washing and surface cleaning, have changed to limit disease transmission. The threat caused by COVID-19 is clear, and a reasonable response is elevated use of QACs to mitigate spread of infection. Thus, it is important to assess potential environmental and engineering impacts of elevated QAC usage, which may include disruption of wastewater treatment unit operations, proliferation of antibiotic resistance, formation of nitrosamine disinfection byproducts, and impacts on biota in surface waters. QACs have been previously detected in wastewater, surface waters, and sediments, and effects on antibiotic resistance have been explored. The amounts of these compounds used in household, workplace, and industry settings has very likely increased, and usage will continue to be elevated given the scope of the pandemic. EPA for use to inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) virus. The 43 papers included in this volume are organized in the following topical sections: VAMR in education and cultural heritage games and entertainment medical, health and rehabilitation applications industrial, safety and military applications.Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are active ingredients in over 200 disinfectants currently recommended by the U.S. The total of 82 contributions included in the VAMR proceedings were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in this two-volume set. The papers thoroughly cover the entire field of human-computer interaction, addressing major advances in knowledge and effective use of computers in a variety of application areas. These papers address the latest research and development efforts and highlight the human aspects of design and use of computing systems. The total of 1476 papers and 220 posters presented at the HCII 2014 conferences were carefully reviewed and selected from 4766 submissions. The two-volume set LNCS 8525-8526 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality, VAMR 2014, held as part of the 16th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, HCI 2014, in Heraklion, Crete, Greece, in June 2014, jointly with 13 other thematically similar conferences.
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